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The French Louis Pasteur (1822–95) and German Robert Koch (1843–1910) are the two greatest figures in medical microbiology and in establishing acceptance of the germ theory of disease (germ theory). In 1882, fueled by national rivalry and a language barrier, the tension between Pasteur and the younger Koch erupted into an acute conflict.〔 Pasteur had already discovered molecular chirality, investigated fermentation, refuted spontaneous generation, inspired Lister's introduction of antisepsis, introduced pasteurization to France's wine industry, answered the silkworm diseases blighting France's silkworm industry, applied bacteriology to attenuated a ''Pasteurella'' species and introduce chicken cholera vaccine (1879), and introduced anthrax vaccine (1881).〔 Koch had introduced pure culture and thus founded bacteriology while confirming ''Bacillus anthracis'' caused anthrax (1876), introduced solid culture plates and staining to bacteriology (1881), identified ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' as cause of tuberculosis (1882), posed Koch's postulates influenced by his teacher Jakob Henle, and later identified ''Vibrio cholerae'' as cause of cholera (1883). Koch's bacteriologists regarded a bacterial species' properties as unalterable, a position shown false by Pasteur's modification of virulence to develop vaccine.〔 At an 1882 conference, a mistranslated term from French to German during Pasteur's lecture triggered Koch's indignation, whereupon Koch two bacteriologist colleagues, Friedrich Loeffler and Georg Gaffky, published denigration of the entirety of Pasteur's research on anthrax since 1877.〔 == Tensions between France and Germany == Germany had unified by way of its victory in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), seizing certain regions from France. The tone set by this war contributed to the rivalry between Koch and Pasteur.〔 The "German Problem", as Germany increasingly gained scientific, technological, and industrial dominance, fed tensions among European nations.〔Lowe John, ''The Great Powers, Imperialism and the German Problem 1865–1925'' (London: Routledge, 1994), (pp. 195–9 ).〕 Germ theory's applications were embedded in the heightening quest by France, Germany, Britain, and Italy to colonize Africa and Asia with the aid of tropical medicine, a new variant of colonial medicine, while medical scientists in respective nations vied to lead advances.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Koch–Pasteur rivalry」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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